The Environment and Natural Resources International Conference (ENRIC) ENRIC conference is an international conference Organized by the Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand. The first conference since 2014 our conference focuses on the environment and natural resources, Other related.
Modulating the Co-CoOx Interface in Co-Nb-CeO2 Catalysts through Controlling Titration Rate for Enhanced Performance
Hydrogen is proposed as a promising alternative to address environmental issues from fossil fuels. In the waste gasification process, the Water Gas Shift (WGS) reaction is crucial for producing high-purity hydrogen. The WGS reaction are divided into the two steps as high temperature-water gas shift (HT-WGS) and low temperature-water gas shift (LT-WGS) reaction due to thermodynamic limitation and kinetic. Previously, the Co/Nb-CeO2 catalyst for HT-WGS were designed prepared with co-precipitation method, but the effect of titration rate which is an important parameter relating to catalytic performance was not investigated. In this study, the different titration rates were applied to prepare Co/Nb-CeO2 catalysts by controlling the addition rate of precipitant (KOH) from 1 mL/min to 25 mL/min. To understand the physicochemical properties of the catalysts various characterization techniques were used such as TEM, XPS and H2-TPR analyses. As a Result, among the prepared Co/Nb−CeO2 catalysts, 5-Co/Nb-CeO2 prepared with precipitant addition rate as 5 mL/min exhibited the highest activity, with a CO conversion of 97.8% at a temperature of 450°C and a gas hourly space velocity of 315,282 h−1. Moreover, long-term thermal stability was observed for the 5-Co/Nb-CeO2 catalyst. Carbon formation and sintering, which deactivates the catalyst activity was minimal when 5-Co/Nb-CeO2 catalyst was tested because of the favorable interactions between the CeO2 and Co-CoOx pairs. In contrast, the other catalysts underwent faster deactivation because of faster carbon deposition and pore blockage, ultimately limiting the H2 production activity.
Exploring the Impact of Marine Debris on Zostera marina Ecosystem Productivity
Seagrass meadows (i.e., Zostera marina), a vital component of coastal ecosystems, are facing degradation due to anthropogenic impacts such as marine debris and climate change. The relationship between marine debris and seagrass ecosystems is a subject of ongoing research, with the long-term effects of marine debris on seagrass productivity yet to be fully understood. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the impact of marine debris removal on seagrass ecosystems, a crucial step in understanding and mitigating the effects of human activities on seagrass ecosystems. Two experiments were conducted in a seagrass ecosystem in Arikawa Bay, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, from April 2023 - July 2024. The first experiment evaluated the effect of removing marine debris (restored site) and allowing marine debris to persist (impacted site) on the coverage of seagrasses. The seagrass coverage was evaluated by assessing a total of 340 observation quadrats. Marine debris was collected and classified based on its material (plastic, metal, net/rope, glass/ceramic, cloth and rubber); total mass was recorded. The second experiment assessed the difference between the Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) of the impacted and restored seagrass beds using dissolved oxygen loggers. The first experiment revealed an increase in seagrass coverage of the restored area. The second experiment showed higher NEP (g C m-2 month-1) in the restored site (mean±SD: 7.44±11.7) compared to the impacted site (mean±SD: 5.05±12). Our findings suggest that marine debris removal may positively contribute to seagrass ecosystem productivity. However, we are continuing to collect data to confirm these results.
Analyzing the Relationship Between Local Climate Zones (LCZ) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Focusing on Impervious Surfaces
As urbanization rapidly progresses worldwide, more than 57% of the global population now resides in cities. This shift has resulted in a dramatic transformation of natural environments into built environments, leading to a significant increase in impervious land cover such as concrete, asphalt, and buildings. These changes have intensified urban environmental issues, notably the Urban Heat Island effect and heatwaves, both of which are directly linked to rising temperatures and have severe implications for aspects such as health, energy consumption, and overall urban life quality. Furthermore, the concentration of impervious surfaces in cities alters local climate patterns by reducing natural cooling processes, such as evaporation and shading, intensifying the heat accumulation in urban areas. Given the growing occurrence and severity of extreme heat events driven by climate change, it is becoming ever more crucial to understand thermal vulnerabilities across various physical environments within cities. Comprehensive knowledge of these vulnerabilities can inform the development of effective mitigation and adaptation strategies, which are essential for ensuring sustainable development in the face of growing climate challenges. In this study, we utilized the Local Climate Zones (LCZ) classification, which is based on consistent land cover types and urban spatial structure, to analyze the distribution of Land Surface Temperature (LST) across different types of physical environments. Furthermore, we examined the correlations between LST the share of impervious surfaces, along with building heights, for each LCZ type. This analysis allows us to identify the thermal characteristics and vulnerabilities of each LCZ type, providing foundational data for developing sustainable urban planning strategies that consider thermal environments and adapt to climate change.
Analysis of GHG Reductions in Energy Transition Sector Based on National New and Renewable Energy Plan Scenarios in Korea
South Korea has announced 2050 Carbon-Neutrality Scenario and 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to achieve carbon neutrality. According to the 2050 Carbon-Neutrality Scenario, South Korea has proposed energy transition as the primary strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Specifically, the government has finalized the National New and Renewable Energy Plan (NNREP) to achieve the carbon neutrality goal in the section of energy transition. However, 2050 Carbon-Neutrality Scenario and NNREP do not provide specific GHG emission reduction in each year. Therefore, it is essential to quantitatively analyze whether the carbon neutrality goal could be achieved by the national plans. The NNREP consists of renewable energy 3020 implementation plan (plan A), the 5th basic plan for the development and utilization of new and renewable energy technology and supply (plan B), and the 10th basic plan of long-term electricity supply (plan C). In this study, GHG reduction scenarios was constructed for each plans A, B, and C. Then, energy supply capacity was estimated, based on the scenarios by using regression analysis. Finally, GHG reduction was estimated based on the supply capacity of each energy technology. The GHG reductions was analyzed by electricity generation amount of each energy technology. If GHG emissions are reduced to current rates, the year of achieving carbon neutrality was analyzed as 2057 for Plan A, 2061 for Plan B, and 2047 for Plan C. To achieve carbon neutrality, the analysis shows that 14.8% and 23.7% additional GHG reductions are required of Plan A and Plan B, respectively.
Analysis of Urban Microclimate Characteristics Using ENVI-Met Modeling
Urbanization leads to changes in land use, which in turn affects the local microclimate and has a direct impact on urban residents. Physical changes like shifts in land use influence micro-scale factors such as temperature and wind patterns in urban areas. These microclimatic changes can significantly affect thermal comfort and the dispersion of air pollutants like particulate matter. National weather data are often insufficient to detect these micro-scale variations, so using microclimate simulation tools is essential for accurate analysis. In this study, the microclimate simulation program ENVI-met was used to examine the microclimatic characteristics in an urban area based on its physical environment. The study focused on Won-i streets in Changwon, South Korea, which features various land use types, including single-family and multi-family residential areas. The area was modeled in the simulation, and the results were analyzed using ArcGIS Pro, dividing the area to extract data on land use ratios, impervious surfaces, sky view factor (SVF), and microclimatic variables. Correlation analysis showed that areas with larger impervious surfaces, such as those categorized as "roads" including parking lots, generally had higher temperatures. In contrast, lower temperatures were found in urban wetlands. When comparing single-family and multi-family residential areas, single-family areas were warmer. This was likely due to their low building height (1-2 floors), which provided less shading, and the surrounding impervious roads that caused heat to accumulate. In contrast, multi-family residential areas had more permeable surfaces, such as grass and trees, and taller buildings providing more shade, resulting in lower temperatures. These findings can help guide the management of urban thermal environments. Additionally, in areas with higher temperatures, the spread of air pollutants like particulate matter may be more active, making this data useful for managing pollutant dispersion.
Evaluation of Ventilation Effectiveness After Kitchen Renovation in Schools of Gyeongsangnam-do Province
In February 2021, the death of a school kitchen worker due to lung cancer was recognized as an industrial accident for the first time in South Korea. Since then, several confirmed and suspected lung cancer cases have been reported in lung cancer medical checkup. To protect the health of school kitchen workers, the Office of Education at Gyeongsangnam-do Province selected Twenty-eight schools and implemented environmental improvement projects focused on the ventilation system in the kitchens. To evaluate the ventilation system in the kitchen, fan flow rate and hood face velocity were measured, and concentrations of CO, CO2, and PM0.3 were measured during cooking operations. The smoke visualization technique was used to evaluate the capability of protecting worker’s breathing zone. Mean Fan flow rate increased from 260m3/min before renovation to 794m3/min after renovation. Hood face velocity was tripled. The concentrations of PM0.3 showed a 95% reduction. Concentrations of CO showed more than a 75% reduction. Smoke visualization showed greater protection of worker’s breathing zone. The renovations to the ventilation system have resulted in improved ventilation performance, increased capture of cooking pollutants, and a safer and more comfortable working environment in the kitchen.
Effect of Non-Thermal Plasma on Post-Harvest Quality of Tomato
The goal of this experiment is to study the effect of NTP on the shelf life and quality of tomato. A new method of food preservation that is environmentally friendly is provided by NTP, a fourth state of matter that uses ionized gasses to destroy bacteria on fresh produce. There are two stages to the experiment. During the first stage, tomatoes are treated with NTP at different power levels and times: 5 kv 1 min, 5 kv 2 min, 5 kv 5 min,15 kv 5 min, 15 kv 10 min and 20 kv 5 min. Then, to determine the ideal power level and time for plasma treatment, 56 tomatoes are analyzed visually and by using colorimeter.In the second phase, destructive and non-destructive analyses are conducted using the selected power level and time from the first phase. In both the control and treatment groups, the non-destructive analyses include disease incidence, taking pictures, color changes and the destructive analysis includes Total soluble solids (TSS), firmness, pH, total lycopene content, and total phenol content.
Electrochemical Water Treatment and Hydrogen ProductionUsing a PEM Electrolysis Cell
Water electrolysis is an electrochemical process that utilizes electrical energy to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. Among various electrolysis methods, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis exhibits high current density and produces high-purity hydrogen. When recalcitrant organic compounds, which are not effectively treated by conventional water treatment processes, are used as influent in a PEM electrolysis system, direct oxidation reaction occurs under the applied electrical energy, leading to the decomposition of these compounds. Additionally, when sodium chloride is added to the organic matter, oxidizing agents such as hypochlorous acid are generated, which induce indirect oxidation reactions of the organic compounds. Therefore, this study aimed to decompose representative reference organic substances, humic acid and bovine serum albumin (BSA), using a PEM electrolysis system and to quantify the amount of hydrogen produced as a by-product. The degradation efficiencies of humic acid and BSA were evaluated by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) and the average molecular weight distribution using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The minimum voltage required for hydrogen productions determined using deionized (DI) water. The optimal conditions for generating chlorine-based oxidants were derived by adjusting the concentration of sodium chloride and the flow rate of the influent. Subsequently, direct oxidation reaction of humic acid and BSA was confirmed, and the reduction in TOC and average molecular weight of the decomposed organic matter was observed following the addition of sodium chloride, indicating the effects of both direct and indirect oxidation reactions.
Effects of Hydrothermal Pretreatment Temperature on Product Properties and Biogas Producing Potential using Lignocellulosic Biomass
Coir medium, which widely used for mushroom cultivation, is made of coconut fruit hard shell by adding nutrient supplements. Cultivating mushroom using coir medium lead to involve large amounts of spent coir medium generation, and high lignocellulosic component concentrations in base material of spent medium could lower resource recovery and recycling potential. Various pretreatment methods have been recommended to improve availability of lignocellulosic biomass. Since hydrothermal process does not need to employ additional wet removal step and is operated under mild temperature range, the hydrothermal process is known as an energy efficient pretreatment method for high moisture containing biomass. The solid and liquid phase of products after hydrothermal process could be used for diverse purposes. Especially, liquid phase of hydrothermal process product could be used as substrate for biogas production by linking additional process (e.g., anaerobic digestion) due to presence of solubilized organic material in liquid product. In this study, effects of hydrothermal pretreatment temperature on physico-chemical properties of product (including solubilized organic matter concentration) with the pretreatment temperature range of 180-300℃. After pretreatment, the solid and liquid phases of products were separated by centrifugation and filtration (GFC, 0.45 um) sequentially. Finally, the obtained liquid phase of product was anaerobically digested under mesophilic condition and was converted into biogas. From the results, biogas producing potential from solubilized organic fraction of hydrothermal pretreatment process for spent coir mushroom medium was investigated. And the feasibility of using recovered biogas as source for clean hydrogen energy was also evaluated.
Hydrochar Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass and Evaluating Its Value Added Utilization
With increase of social consensus for efficient resource using and sustainable energy production, various studies on adding value for waste and resource recovery have been conducted. Especially biochar production from waste by using thermochemical treatment methods (e.g., hydrothermal carbonization, gasification, pyrolysis, plasma, etc.) are receiving great attention in terms of reducing carbon emissions and utilizing abandoned carbon sources. Among the thermochemical treatment methods, the hydrothermal carbonization has energy efficient merit due to unnecessity of additional wet removal step for high moisture containing biomass and relatively low operating temperature comparing with the other thermochemical treatment methods. Spent mushroom medium, mainly consist of recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose), was hydrothermally carbonized under temperature range of 180-300℃ and converted into hydrochar. And the physico-chemical characteristics of hydrochar were analyzed by employing FTIR and SEM to evaluate feasibility of value addition for spent mushroom medium. The hydrothermal reaction helped moisture evaporation from inside of raw biomass, and it increased pore space and gave potential as a porous material. Since hydrothermal carbonization is operated under relatively low temperature to the other thermochemical treatment methods, few thermal destruction of surface functional groups was observed and most of functional groups were maintained. The high porosity characteristic of hydrochar and surface functional groups could promote direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) effect and biogas production when injecting the hydrochar into anaerobic digesting reactor. Furthermore, increase of clean hydrogen energy production also would be expected by promoting biogas production using hydrochar.
Impact of Rising Air Temperatures on the Growth and Water Quality of Blue swimming Crab (Portunus pelagicus) Culture in Grow-Out Ponds:A Comparative Study of 2022 and 2023
This study examined the effects of increased air temperatures on the growth and water quality of blue swimming crabs (BSC), Portunus pelagicus, cultured in grow-out ponds in Prachuap Khiri Khan province, Thailand, over the years 2022 and 2023. Geographic data indicated that the average lowest temperature and maximum temperature in 2022 were 31.0°C and 36.0°C, respectively, while these values increased to 31.0°C and 39.0°C in 2023. Consequently, the average maximum temperature fluctuation increased from 33.5°C in 2022 to 35.0°C in 2023. Analysis of BSC culture across five batches per year (n = 5) revealed no significant differences in initial carapace width (CL) and body weight (BW) between 2022 and 2023. However, at 90 days of cultivation, BSC in 2023 showed a significantly (p<0.05) lower mean BW (52.66±1.45 g) compared to 2022 (61.55±5.50 g), while CL remained statistically similar between the years. Additionally, the mean specific growth rate was lower in 2023 (6.25±0.03%/day) compared to 2022 (6.48±0.10%/day) (p<0.05). These findings suggest that BSC growth in 2023 was adversely affected by higher temperatures, likely due to climate change. Increased temperatures also led to variations in average water quality parameters, with higher salinity (35.40±1.19 psu) and water temperature (32.19±1.83°C) observed in 2023 (34.09±1.75 psu, and 31.13±2.05°C in 2022) (p<0.05). However, parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia, nitrite, and alkalinity did not exhibit consistent changes in response to increased temperature fluctuation. This study underscores the need for adaptive management strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on aquaculture systems.
Phenological changes in seaweed community structure and the diversity of fish communities in seaweed ecosystems
Seaweed communities in coastal areas serve as crucial habitat for many organisms and serve to maintain high levels of biodiversity in coastal ecosystems. However, the loss of these communities because of climate change and increasing levels of marine debris is leading to a decline of biodiversity and remains a significant concern. We studied the occurrence of fish species within seaweed communities formed in the subtidal zone. To observe changes in community structure of fish communities, we conducted the study throughout the year in the coastal waters of Arikawa Bay, Shin-Kamigoto Town, Nagasaki Prefecture, where there are significant seasonal changes in seaweed communities. We recorded species, height, and coverage of seaweeds, and the species and abundance of fish, water temperature, and salinity. We hypothesized that as the species diversity, height, and coverage of seaweed communities increase, the species diversity of and abundance of fish also increases. The seaweed coverage and height peaked during April to June. The number of fish species peaked during July to October, however the abundance decreased during this period; data analysis suggests a strong correlation between seaweed and fish communities. Omnivores and benthic feeders were positively correlated with species coverage and a Procrustes analysis also suggests a strong correlation between seaweed communities and fish communities. Analysis is underway to elucidate the impact of marine debris.
Plant-Based Solutions to Air Pollution in Bangkok: The Role of Urban Green Spaces
In recent years, Bangkok has emerged as one of the most affected cities globally by air pollution, with rising levels of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) posing severe threats to human health and the environment. Urban Green Spaces (UGS) have proven to be a powerful tool in mitigating air pollution and other environmental hazards. This research explores how UGS can mitigate this issue by examining the correlation between UGS and PM2.5 levels across urban and suburban districts in Bangkok. PM2.5 concentrations are compared in areas adjacent to roads versus city parks. The methodology includes data collection from secondary sources and analysis using one-way ANOVA, independent-sample T-tests, and the Mann–Kendall test with Sen's slope. The findings reveal a steady increase in UGS across the most studied districts in Bangkok between 2008 and 2022, with notable expansions in the Ratchathewi, Pathumwan, Nong Chok, and Lat Krabang Districts. Regarding PM2.5 concentrations, seasonal variations were observed, with higher PM2.5 levels during the beginning and end of the year. Monitoring stations near roads consistently recorded higher levels, often exceeding the 24-hour standard, while park stations generally maintained lower PM2.5 levels. However, some park stations occasionally exceeded acceptable levels. Comparative analysis showed that PM2.5 concentrations were significantly lower in parks than nearby roads, with reductions ranging from 26% to 43%. This indicates that UGS effectively reduces PM2.5 pollution, emphasizing the importance of incorporating green infrastructure in urban planning. These findings highlight the necessity for sustainable measures and ongoing efforts to manage air pollution, particularly during high-risk periods, to maintain improved air quality in Bangkok.
Esterification of Acetic Acid and Ethanol for Ethyl Acetate Productionby Vanadium Catalyst on Biochar Support
Ethyl acetate can be synthesized by Fisher esterification reaction using acetic acid and ethanol for raw materials with acid catalysts. In this study, we firstly developed the solid acid catalyst of V2O5 supported on biochars for this reaction. The use of biochar as support is very interesting since it is renewable. Experimentally, the vanadium (V) catalyst was prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method with various V contents from 3, 6, and 9 wt%. The supports used were biochars derived from two sources including bamboo and palm. After calcination, all catalysts were characterized using various techniques SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, ammonia-TPD, and N2 physisorption to determine the physicochemical properties. To perform esterification, the liquid phase reaction of ethanol and acetic acid was conducted in the batch reactor using ethanol: acetic acid molar ratio of 1.5:1 with a total volume of 50 ml and 1 wt% of solid catalyst based on weight of acetic acid. The reaction occurred at 80 ºC for 40 minutes. The product distribution was analyzed by gas chromatography to determine acetic acid conversion and ethyl acetate selectivity. It was found that 9 wt% V2O5/biochar catalyst exhibited the highest activity having acetic acid conversion of 72% with ethyl acetate selectivity of 45%. It revealed that metal leaching occurred during the reaction. However, this study shows the new insight that biochars can be used for support for V catalyst with promising results in the esterification.
Cell Surface Engineering as a Tool to Transform the Moderately Halophilic Halomonas elongata into a Nutritious Single-Cell Eco-Feed
Cell surface engineering is a technology used to generate versatile microbial cell factories for various applications. We previously developed a cell-surface display system for Halomonas elongata OUT30018, a moderately halophilic bacterium that can be used as a cell factory to produce valuable amino acids and their derivatives. In this system, Lipoprotein 5 (LP5), an outer membrane protein encoded by H. elongata OUT30018’s Helipop5 gene, is used as an anchor to attach peptides of interest to the outer membrane. The attached peptides are, therefore, displayed on the cell surface. This work aims to use this system to generate a recombinant H. elongata that displays nutrient-rich peptides on the cell surface. Because Methionine (M), Lysine (K), and Tryptophan (W) serve as essential nutrients for fish, we first screened the genome of H. elongata OUT30018 for fragments that encode M-, K-, and W-rich peptides. As a result, a sequence encoding a short M, K, and W-rich peptide was found and was named a nutrient peptide (NP). Subsequently, the DNA sequence that encodes NP was cloned, and plasmids for surface-displaying one to eight repeats of the NP peptide as LP5-NP x1 to x8-HA fusion proteins were constructed. After the correct expression of these fusion proteins were confirmed in E. coli by immunoblot of crude protein extracts with anti-HA antibody, further plasmid constructs were prepared for expressing the LP5-NPx1 or LP5-NPx8-HA fusion proteins in H. elongata OUT30018. Although the constructs were successfully integrated into the genome of H. elongata OUT30018, generating recombinant H. elongata SN1 and SN8 strains, HPLC analysis did not detect any increase in the M, K, and W concentrations in their cell extracts. As the expression constructs were placed under the control of the relatively weak Helipop5 promoter, we are currently working to express this construct under a more potent promoter in the proline-overexpressing H. elongata HN10 previously developed in our laboratory. Proline is an essential amino acid that also functions as a feed stimulant for fish. Therefore, Proline-overexpressing H. elongata equipped with surface-display NP could be used as a single-cell eco-feed for aquaculture. Successful implementation of this strategy will establish a proof-of-concept for a versatile platform technology for displaying peptides on the cell surface of H. elongata for diverse biotechnological applications.
Deletion of Glycine Betaine Transporter Gene Confers Increased Ectoine Accumulation in the Moderately Halophilic Halomonas elongata
To survive in high-salinity environments, the moderately halophilic Halomonas elongata OUT30018 uses several mechanisms, including the biosynthesis and the uptake of compatible solutes, ectoine (Ect) and glycine betaine (GB), to accumulate as osmolytes inside the cell. This study aims to develop an H. elongata cell factory that can use a high-salinity medium derived from soy sauce dregs’ hydrolysate (SH medium) as a substrate for efficient production of Ect, a high-value chemical used in the cosmetic and medical industries. However, soy sauce dregs and other waste biomass contain GB, and GB uptake and accumulation strongly suppress Ect production. To block the entry of GB into H. elongata cell, we deleted the betH gene, which encodes the GB transporter, from the genome of H. elongata OUT30018. Analysis of intracellular concentrations of Ect and GB in the recombinant H, elongata BN1 (betH) cultured in SH medium containing 9% w/v NaCl shows that H. elongata BN1 accumulated higher level of Ect than the wild-type H. elongata OUT30018 cultures under the same conditions. As the H. elongata OUT30018 genome contains more than one GB transporter gene, subsequent deletion of more GB transporter genes from the H. elongata BN1 genome may further increase Ect accumulation.
Effect of MOF-derived Cu/CeO2 Catalysts Depending on Calcination Temperature in Water-Gas Shift Reaction
The WGS(Water Gas Shift) reaction is essential for the process of producing high-purity hydrogen from natural gas. The WGS reaction proceeds in two stages with different reaction temperatures due to thermodynamic limitations. For the efficient operation of the power system, a compact reformer with a small size is important. In the case of a compact reformer, a single-stage WGS reaction is applied due to the limitation of the reformer size. In this study, tailored WGS catalysts for small reformers were prepared by varying calcination temperatures that affect the physicochemical properties of the catalysts. That is, tailored Cu/CeO2 catalysts for WGS in small reformers were prepared using CeO2 supports derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) at various calcination temperatures. The MOF-derived CeO2 supports were prepared using various hydrothermal synthesis methods. Cu was added to the MOF-derived CeO2 support via incipient wetness impregnation method. Various techniques such as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Oxygen Storage Capacity (OSC), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were performed to understand the relationship between the catalytic performance and physicochemical properties of the Cu/CeO2 catalysts. Among the prepared catalysts, the Cu/CeO2 catalyst prepared using MOF-derived CeO2 support calcined at 400°C exhibited high CO conversion (Xco=74%) at a very high gas hourly space velocity of 50,233 mL·g-1·h-1 and high stability for 50 h. This excellent catalytic performance is mainly attributed to its high oxygen storage capacity for enhancing the WGS reaction. In conclusion, the Cu/CeO2 catalyst using the MOF-derived CeO2 support calcined at 400°C is expected to be a suitable WGS catalyst for a small reforming reactor to produce hydrogen from natural gas.
Generating Low Lipid and Protein Food Waste Hydrolysate by a Dilute Sulfuric Acid Thermohydrolysis for Biorefinery Applications
Food waste holds great potential as a sustainable resource for biorefinery applications. Still, its efficient use is hindered by the simultaneous solubilization of lipids and proteins during polysaccharide hydrolysis, which disrupts downstream fermentation processes. This study investigates the use of dilute sulfuric acid thermohydrolysis to produce food waste hydrolysate with high reducing sugar but low lipid and protein content. The initial food waste was ground and dried before undergoing hydrolysis. Thirty grams of dried food waste were mixed with 1500 mg of oil solidifier, then 180 mL of 5% H2SO4 solution added. The mixture was then agitated at 200 rpm and heated to 100°C for 180 minutes. This process resulted in a hydrolysate containing 66.52 mg/mL reducing sugar, 13.66 mg/mL lipid, and 2.02 mg/mL protein. These results demonstrate a viable approach to producing a more fermentation-compatible food waste hydrolysate, contributing to the advancement of sustainable biorefinery technologies and the valorization of food waste as a resource.
Advanced Analytical Approaches to Dissolved Organic Matter for a Sustainable Future: Innovations for a Net Zero Future
Innovations and technology that improve our understanding and management of natural resources play an important role in achieving net zero emissions. This study aims to investigate the pivotal role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) characteristics in the environment, utilizing advanced analytical techniques such as Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) and Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry (Orbitrap MS). DOM is a complex mixture of organic compounds in aquatic environments that plays a significant part in carbon cycling, water quality, and ecosystem dynamics. Understanding its structure and behavior is critical for building long-term environmental management approaches. This study employs molecular composition analysis by Py-GCMS and Orbitrap MS to give a complete analysis of DOM, showing its chemical structure, characteristics, and origins within the ecosystem. Together, these techniques provide a detailed picture of the dynamics of DOM, offering valuable information to develop strategies aimed at reducing environmental impact by identifying specific harmful organic compounds in DOM, so water treatment facilities can tailor their processes to target and remove toxic substances efficiently and supporting sustainability by ensuring safer drinking water along with reducing the need for extensive chemical treatment that support the transition to a net zero world. Monitoring changes in DOM composition over time can also act as an indicator of environmental changes, such as shifts in land use or climate conditions, which helps assess the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. Py-GCMS offers insights into the thermal decomposition products of DOM they focus on breaking down large molecules into smaller fragments which can be detected in mass spectrometry, helping to identify specific organic compounds and their origins. The result divided the substances into 8 categories: Polysaccharide Aromatic, Lignin, Lipid, Tannin, and Siloxane. Among them, it was found that the main compound of every sample analyzed is lignin. Using Orbitrap MS operates at lower temperatures (around 30ºC), even though it may miss larger molecular components, with its high-resolution capabilities, allowing for precise mass measurement of DOM components, enabling the detection of even the most subtle changes in composition and reactivity molecules below 2000 Da, essential for a comprehensive understanding of NOM. The assigned MS sample peaks were described in van Krevelen diagrams employing the CHON formulas. In these regions, lignin-like and tannin-like substances are particularly abundant and were quantified to contain the largest portion of all substances (approximately 20%), indicating that all of the samples originate from a terrestrial source. This result corresponds with the Fluorescence EEM data, which have a FI value of less than 1.4 for all samples, indicating terrestrial origin. This study will enable the broader goal of conserving natural resources and enhancing human activity sustainability by expanding our understanding of DOM and its role in environmental processes.
Unlocking the Potential for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) byUlva prolifera: How Does the Addition of CO2 Enhance Growth and Photosynthesis Rates?
In Japan, climate change has led to decreasing yields of Ulva prolifera from aquaculture farms, and therefore land-based aquaculture techniques were developed for this species. We investigated how temperature and CO2 concentration affected relative growth rates (RGR) and net photosynthesis rates (NPR), with the intent to optimize the U. prolifera production in land-based aquaculture tanks. RGR and NPR of U. prolifera were measured at three temperature levels (10, 20, and 30°C) and a range of CO2 concentrations (0 to 200 mg L-1). To assess RGR, the samples were cultured for 6 days in flasks and the wet weight was recorded. To assess NPR, the increase in dissolved oxygen concentrations in 100 mL bottles was measured over time. A generalized additive model was fit to the data to elucidate the CO2 concentration that leads to maximum RGR and NPR. RGR and NPR increased with increasing CO2 concentrations and declined after reaching a peak. Our analysis suggests that the maximum RGR occurred at CO2 concentrations of 4.8, 14.0, and 22.2 mg L-1 at 10, 20, and 30°C, respectively. Whereas the maximum NPR occurred at CO2 concentrations of 2.0, 13.8, and 3.5 mg L-1 at 10, 20, and 30°C, respectively. These results reveal that the addition of CO2 enhances growth and photosynthesis rates and provides us with valuable information regarding carbon dioxide removal (CDR) potential of U. prolifera aquaculture. Additional experiments are being done to verify these results, and to provide more insight regarding why a reduction in the CO2 concentration maximized NPR at 30°C.
Taurine Production in Engineered Halomonas elongata
Taurine (Tau) is a conditionally essential amino acid in fish diet. Dietary supplementation of Tau in fish feed improved their survival rate, growth rate, protein and energy retention, metabolism, antioxidation response, stress response, disease resistance, muscle texture, and reproductive performance. Therefore, Tau is added to plant-protein-based fish feed due to the absence of Tau in plant protein. Halomonas elongata OUT30018 is a moderately halophilic bacterium with the ability to utilize a wide range of sugars and amino acids, including the putrefactive non-volatile amines such as histamine and tyramine derived from biomass waste as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sources for cell growth. The work presented here aims to generate a Tau-producing H. elongata cell factory to be used as a single-cell aquaculture feed additive. In bacteria, Tau is synthesized via two pathways: the L-cysteine (L-Cys) sulfinic acid pathway, mediated by the L-Cys dioxygenase (CDO) and the Cys sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) enzymes and the L-Cys sulfonic acid pathway, mediated by the L-Cysteate synthase (CS) and the CSAD enzymes. To compare the efficiency of these pathways, the expression cassettes encoding the codon-optimized artificial genes encoding these enzymes were introduced into the genome of H. elongata OUT30018 to generate H. elongata CSAD-CDO, CSAD-CS, and CSAD-CDO-CS strains. Subsequently, the amount of Tau accumulated in the three recombinant strains cultured in the M63 minimal media containing 4% glucose, 3% w/v NaCl, and 5 mM Cys were compared by HPLC analysis. Our result shows that H. elongata CSAD-CDO, expressing the enzymes of L-Cys sulfinic acid pathway, was the only strain that successfully accumulated Tau in the cells. Currently, we are conducting tests to determine if the H. elongata CSAD-CDO can grow and produce Tau when cultivated in a medium made from Cys-rich biomass waste, such as wool and chicken feathers. The use of H. elongata CSAD-CDO cells grown in Cys-rich biomass waste medium as a single-cell Tau-rich feed additive could decrease costs and improve the sustainability of the aquaculture feed industry.
Enhancing Thermal Performance of Cotton Facemasks through the Integration of Phase Change Materials: A Simulation Study
In low temperature regions, people are often exposed to cold air which consumes bodily thermal energy during inhalation and exhalation, resulting in thermal loss from the body. Facemasks could reduce thermal loss. However, at low enough temperatures layering scarves or pieces of clothing on top of facemasks is required to provide adequate insulation against the cold, decreasing the comfort of the users through air pressure loss. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in mask wearing. Therefore, an improvement of thermal loss reduction onto existing facemasks will grant the users both the benefit of thermal regulation and particulate protection all in one product. To achieve this, there have been suggestions of incorporating phase change materials (PCM) into facemasks to mitigate heat loss throughout the breathing cycle. Although there are some commercially available PCM incorporated facemasks, widespread adoption is limited due to the high cost of prototyping and testing in comparison to facemasks without PCM. Therefore, an investigation of PCM incorporated facemask through computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation would provide a low-cost and fast analysis of this technology’s thermal performance, solving the problem. In this study, CFD modelling was used to create the model of the PCM incorporated cotton facemask and simulate the mask’s thermal behavior under cold environments. The thermal data of inspiration and expiration through the facemask created by the simulation model was successfully validated against a valid numerical model from literature, with the deviation of less than 5.6% and 3.7% for the facemask model with and without PCM, respectively. Furthermore, the inhalation temperature through the PCM incorporated cotton facemask created in this study compared to cotton facemask without PCM is increased by 3.7C and the exhalation temperature is decreased by 1.2C, resulting in 2.5 times increase in thermal protection during inhalation and 1.50 times increase in facemask thermal retention during exhalation. The findings of this study will be used to provide manufacturers with an inexpensive and fast method to develop a simulation model of a PCM incorporated facemask that is accurate to reality, thereby reducing the cost of prototyping this technology.
Exploring Greenwashing Awareness Among Thai Retail Investors Towards Sustainable Investment Trends
In an era where environmental consciousness is reshaping financial markets, the deceptive practice of “greenwashing” threatens to undermine the integrity of sustainable investments. This study investigates how Thai retail investors navigate the complexities of greenwashing in Thailand's burgeoning sustainable finance sector. As global investment trends increasingly embrace sustainability, this research explores whether investors can distinguish genuine environmental initiatives from clever marketing ploys. Employing a qualitative approach, the study engages 30 Thai retail investors through semi-structured interviews, unveiling the intricacies of investor awareness and decision-making in the face of potential greenwashing. The research constructs a narrative of how information flows shape investor perceptions and choices. Moreover, highlights the complex relationship between greenwashing awareness, risk perception, and investment choices, emphasizing the need for comprehensive education and policy interventions. This research not only illuminates the challenges faced by Thai investors but also serves as a call for aligning investor values with authentic environmental sustainability. By exposing the hidden risks threatening the foundation of sustainable finance, the study contributes to the growing body of literature on greenwashing awareness and its impact on investment decisions in emerging markets.
Environmental Governance for Sustainable Natural Resource Management in Indonesia
This research explores environmental governance and natural resource management in Indonesia, emphasizing its sustainability impacts. We identify key environmental issues, including deforestation, land degradation, and biodiversity loss, and assess government strategies and policies aimed at addressing these challenges effectively. Using public policy analysis, literature review, and stakeholder interviews, this study evaluates the current policy landscape and its implementation in the field of environmental and natural resource management. Despite efforts to improve environmental governance, challenges remain in the implementation of policies and oversight mechanisms. The results of this study highlight the need for further steps to strengthen environmental governance, support sustainability initiatives, and preserve Indonesia's valuable natural assets. The recommendations include active engagement with various stakeholders, refinement of regulations, and enhancement of the capacities of relevant institutions, all aimed at achieving the goal of sustainable environmental preservation in Indonesia.
Strategies for Achieving Net Zero Emissions in the Beverage Industry:A Case Study from Thailand's Carbon Footprint Analysis
Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to provide detailed accounting of their country's greenhouse gas emissions from various activities for reporting to the UNFCCC secretariat. The latest assessment of Thailand's greenhouse gas emissions shows that the energy sector is the largest emitter, followed by the agricultural sector, the industrial processes and product use sector, and the waste sector. The global beverage industry is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, with the majority of emissions stemming from raw material procurement, production processes, and transportation activities. The production process, in particular, relies heavily on resources and energy from fossil fuels. In the case of alcoholic beverages, fermentation by-products generate a substantial amount of carbon dioxide emissions during production. Various methods and strategies have been proposed to mitigation greenhouse gas emissions in the beverage manufacturing industry, including the use of bioenergy as a substitute for fossil fuels. Installing solar cell to reduce electricity consumption aligns with energy efficiency and energy saving policies. Waste management based on circular economy principles, along with expanding forest areas for carbon sequestration in line with carbon capture and storage guidelines are key strategies. These methods support the goals of carbon neutrality and achieving net zero emissions in the future.
Exploring Extended Producer Responsibility in Thailand: Progress and Opportunities for Alternative Waste Management Policy
Waste management, particularly plastic waste, is one the significant environmental challenges in Thailand. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) has emerged as a key policy approach, holding producers accountable for their products throughout their lifecycle, including take-back, recycling, and final disposal. This study examines the progress of EPR implementation in Thailand through document reviews, content analysis, and interviews with the business sector. The study aims to identify key outcomes and challenges associated with implementing EPR. Findings indicate that Thailand has made considerable progresses in adopting EPR, notably through the introduction of the Sustainable Packaging Management Act and enhanced collaboration among industry, government, and citizens. These initiatives are fostering innovative and collaborative waste management strategies by integrating businesses and consumers into the process with shared responsibilities. However, the research also highlights challenges, particularly the need for greater industry acceptance and enhanced consumer participation. Effective EPR implementation relies on businesses’ willingness to embrace their responsibilities and consumers’ commitment to engaging in recycling and waste reduction practices. While supportive legislation provides a necessary framework, the ultimate success of EPR in Thailand depends on widespread commitment from both the business sector and the public. The study emphasizes the importance of fostering broad acceptance and cooperation from all stakeholders to address challenges and achieve long-term improvements in waste management and sustainability.
Application of Geographic Information System for PM2.5 Risk Assessment in Din Daeng District, Bangkok
Air pollution from particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) is a global concern. In Din Daeng District, Bangkok, PM2.5 levels frequently exceed Thailand's air quality standards from January to April in every year due to traffic pollution and temperature inversions. Furthermore, climate change is expected to exacerbate the inversion phenomenon, significantly elevating risks to vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. This study employs Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to create risk maps for PM2.5, aiding local governments in developing strategies to mitigate its impact. Data on PM2.5 concentrations, building footprints, and the distribution of vulnerable populations were collected and analysed for risks using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) with assigned scores based on expert inputs. According to the assigned scores, people vulnerability is the most critical factor in assessing PM2.5 risk with a score of 45.00%, followed by PM2.5 concentration (33.33%) and population density (21.67%). Because of different patterns of population distribution in the area, the study also reveals that risk levels are higher during the day than at night, with 11.20% of the population at the highest risk during daytime, compared to 1.11% at night under worst case scenario. The study recommends different mitigation measures based on the time of day and suggests three actionable strategies: 1) distributing PM2.5 masks to all children monthly, 2) installing outdoor PM2.5 monitoring devices, and 3) constructing PM2.5 pollution control rooms for use when pollution levels exceed standards. The first two measures are short-term actions that local governments can implement immediately, while the third requires long-term investment and is particularly effective for protecting vulnerable groups.
Rearing potential of Yellow Mealworm (Larvae of Tenebrio molitor L.) on Food Wastes
The demand for protein is increasing as the global population grows. Humans mainly obtain proteins from animals through unprocessed red meat, processed meat, eggs, milk, cheese, and yogurt. However, rearing livestock and poultry, which are necessary for the production of these products, has a significant impact on the environment. Many researchers have attempted to use insects as a protein resource for food and feed. In this study, we attempted to rear yellow mealworms (larvae of Tenebrio molitor) using food waste (i.e., unsold lunch boxes from a university coop and vegetable waste). Our results showed that mealworms could not grow when only food waste was used as feed. By contrast, mealworms grew when we used a mixture of food waste and wheat bran, which is commonly used to feed mealworms. Therefore, we can conclude that proteins can be produced and food waste can be reduced by rearing mealworms.
Environmental Impact of Prior Pesticides Occurring in Wetland Ecosystems
The use of pesticides can contaminate surrounding waterbodies and harm non-targeted aquatic organisms. Wetlands are known to rapidly degrade and eliminate organic pollutants. However, there is a lack of research on the fate and impact of pesticides in wetland ecosystems. Therefore, this study aims to explore the occurrence and concentration of pesticides entering wetlands near agricultural fields and evaluate the potential risk of priority pesticides considering their toxic mode of action. To identify pesticides in the wetland, sampling was conducted at 10 representative points for 10 times in per month. Grab samples were collected in 1L amber bottles. After filtration, citrate buffer and internal standards were added to the sample. To enrich the sample, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) was applied. Elution solvents were alkaline and acidic ethyl acetate/methanol solutions. Extracts were concentrated to 0.1 mL, reconstituted with water/methanol (9:1), and filtered through a 0.45 μm filter. The samples were then analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The lowest PNECs values from the NORMAN Ecotoxicology Database were used to calculate the Risk Quotient (RQ) values. For the mode of action (MOA), the MOA data of the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) were used. A total of 76 pesticides were detected out of approximately 300 target substances. The 4 prior pesticides included orysastrobin, metalaxyl, tebuconazole, and carbendazim. The highest detected concentration of orysastrobin was approximately 3,300 ng/L. Pesticide concentrations tended to decrease from wetland inflow to outflow. Orysastrobin's mode of action is associated with group C (respiration), metalaxyl is with group A (nucleic acids metabolism), tebuconazole is with group G (sterol biosynthesis in membranes), and carbendazim is with group B (cytoskeleton and motor protein). Therefore, it is expected that the organisms in the wetland would be strongly affected by group C (respiration), the group corresponding to the highest detected MOA of orysastrobin. To explore the potential risk of the pesticides detected, risk quotient (RQ) values were calculated. The results showed that the RQ value of orysastrobin was up to 17 at the inflow point, but decreased to 4 at the outflow point. The decrease indicates that pesticides are under rapid degradation/break-down within the wetland. Despite the self-purification ability of wetlands, some pesticides require proper management to reduce their impact.
Boosting Tourism Resilience Through Enhanced Disaster Mitigation:A Case Study of Batu City
As one of the leading tourist destinations in East Java, Kota Batu faces significant challenges due to the abundance of tourist attractions that are vulnerable to disaster damage. This places the tourism sector, which is the backbone of the local economy, in need of special attention in policy planning. This study adopts a comprehensive approach, combining policy analysis, spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and public perception research. Through this approach, the study identifies the most disaster-prone tourist areas and assesses the gap between policy planning and on-the-ground implementation. The research findings indicate that, although Kota Batu has a disaster management policy framework in place, its implementation still faces various challenges. Factors hindering the success of this policy include inadequate inter-agency coordination, limited competent human resources, minimal budget allocation, and low participation from the community and tourism industry stakeholders in disaster mitigation and adaptation processes. Furthermore, the significant economic reliance on the tourism sector means that any disruption caused by disasters has a significant impact on the welfare of the local community. This study also highlights the importance of better integration between the tourism sector and disaster mitigation policies. Stakeholders in the tourism sector, including the government, tourism operators, and the community, need to collaborate in enhancing the resilience of tourist areas through the development of adaptive infrastructure, strengthening the capacity of local human resources, and introducing more effective early warning systems. Increasing awareness of disaster risks among tourists is also a crucial element in maintaining the sustainability of tourism in Kota Batu. The conclusion of this research suggests that stronger collaboration between the tourism sector and disaster management is essential for maintaining economic and environmental sustainability in Kota Batu. The findings and insights from this study can serve as a guide for local governments in designing and implementing more effective disaster management policies, especially in areas that rely heavily on the tourism sector.